Why fear the angels Review Essay Example

Why fear the angels Review Paper Essay on Why fear the angels You know, before going to the bookstore, I like the plague shied away from the shelves with the books Mona Lisa series they seemed to me candy snotty, tearful womens novels, and the leaf cover is not helped to draw attention to someone else, but to a female audience (in any way, I certainly am, but a fan of romance novels has never been). Actually, not much has changed now. At least, I have not had a chance to meet a man with a small volume of this series in the hands 🙂 Personally, my literary horizons widened to these works. This book can be called pleasant reading for one night. Dynamic action, adventure on every page and tearjerker romance all this takes place in the scenery of a gloomy, winter, wrapped in yellow smog in London of the eighteenth century. Due to the small amount of product developments will not have time tiring you, and the characters will remember the living and natural The title of the work is a reference to An Essay on criticism Pope:.  « Always there throws a fool , We will write a custom essay sample on Why fear the angels Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why fear the angels Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why fear the angels Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Where the angel did not dare to take a step  » Then, in the course of the narrative this issue rises again, but the protagonists -. Sebastian St. Cyr and his beloved Kate Boleyn in the discussion the behavior of the first victims of the killer (it is, in combination, the best friend and colleague Kate on stage):  «- So what are afraid and Ngele -? Love. I think Angel is afraid to love a mortal who will it belong only to a short while and then leave forever  » Here is traced the main leitmotif of the narrative -. And the history of the Viscount of relations with the popular actress, and the cause of death of Rachel York . and the ever cheerful Saint-Cyr and the young tramp Tom! The boys mother was sent to prison, so that he is forced to live on the streets, and trade in petty theft. That helps unravel the complicated tangle of Viscount intrigue and find the real killer of an innocent victim. What can be said about the couple they are fast, agile and bold. They can do anything, they believe in their good fortune, and it is on their side As a result, before us is well-written, interesting detective story, with characters lovingly written out and keep tension until the end.; . Leaving a pleasant aftertaste and desire to read other books about the adventures of Viscount Devlin and his assistant Tom In parentheses we note that the translation is poor in the text and then caught uncharacteristic of Russian speech. This, of course, is not surprising, because now rarely come across their high-quality specimens. Only here because oddity text translates person for whom the Russian language is native, and reading his work, you can feel the obvious absurdities Well, thats the way, so to speak;) Total 9/10 excellent.

A Competitive Analysis of Trading in Reliance Money

A Competitive Analysis of Trading in Reliance Money Free Online Research Papers ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Preservation, inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in the success of any venture. In the present world of competition and success, training is like a bridge between theoretical and practical working; willingly I prepared this particular Project. First of all I would like to thank the supreme power, the almighty god, who is the one who has always guided me to work on the right path of my life. I would like to thank Mr. Sandeep Saini (Centre Manager) for granting me permission to undertake the training in their esteemed organization. I also thanks to Mr. Arpan Sethi (finance Head), Mr. Vikas of Reliance Money for their time-to-time guidance and support in completing the project. I also thank the other staff of Reliance Money, Ambala who devoted their valuable time by helping me to complete my project. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Raj Kumar Goyal (Director) and Mr. Adrash aggarwal (Head of department), Ms. Neetu Menhdiratta (Faculty Guide) of M.B.A. department, for the valuable suggestion and making this project a real successful. Last but not least, my sincere thanks to My Parents and Friends who directly or indirectly helped me to bring this project into the final shape. VIPIN GOYAL DATE:- PREFACE â€Å"A good broker system must be able to cope with an extremely complex and dynamic environment.† The microstructure of the stock market in which brokers work is highly dynamic and volatile. Many stocks are available to be bought and sold, each exhibiting its own patterns and characteristics that are highly unpredictable. With so many options and considerations that need to be taken into account, it is an extremely difficult task for a broker to investigate aspects of the stock market and consistently provide effective advice to their clients. Thus, brokers perform their day-to-day tasks with the aid of a broker system. Such a system should provide tools for interacting with exchanges and performing analysis. As a consequence, these broker systems are quite large and complicated by themselves. This research aims to analysis Stock broker on the basis of their services, products, growth, and their competitiveness. Because Stockbrokers are one of the main participants in stock exchanges worldwide, they often act as an agent for their clients, making trades on their behalf. They also act as advisors, providing suggestions to their clients on what stocks to buy and sell. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY There is growing competition between brokerage firms in post reform India. For investor it is always difficult to decide which brokerage firm to choose. Research was carried out to find which brokerage house people prefer and to figure out what people prefer while investing in stock market. This study suggests that people are reluctant while investing in stock and commodity market due to lack of knowledge. Main purpose of investment is returns and liquidity, commodity market is less preferred by investors due to lack of awareness. The major findings of this study are that people are interested to invest in stock market but they lack knowledge. Through this report we were also able to understand, what are our Company’s (Reliance Money) positive and strong points, on the basis of which we come to know what can be the basis of pitching to a potential client. CONTENTS Declaration Acknowledgement Preface Certificate by Company Executive Summary CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC 1 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3-6 Objective of the study Type of the research Sample design Sample area Sample unit Size of sample Sources of data collection Survey method Limitations of the study CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY 7-16 Major Players in the Region ? Karvy ? ICICI Direct ? Indiainfoline ? HDFC Security ? Indiabulls Comparison with Competitors Market Share CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY 17-30 Management Team of the company BOD of the company Vision Mission Highlights of company Organization Structure Products CHAPTER 6 DATA ANALYSIS FINDINGS 31-47 Data analysis Findings CHAPTER 7 SUGGESTIONS 48 CHAPTER 8 CONLUSION 49 Bibliography 50 Appendix 52-54 INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC I In most industrialized countries, a substantial part of financial wealth is not managed directly by savers, but through a financial intermediary, which implies the existence of an agency contract between the investor (the principal) and a broker or portfolio manager (the agent). Therefore, delegated brokerage management is arguably one of the most important agency relationships intervening in the economy, with a possible impact on financial market and economic developments at a macro level. In most of the metros, people like to put their money in stock options instead of dumping it in the bank-lockers. Now, this trend pick pace in small but fast developing cities like Chandigarh, Gurgaon, Jaipur, Ambala etc. My research is based on the residents of Ambala and its nearby areas. As the per-capita-income of the city is on the higher side, so it is quite obvious that they want to invest their money in profitable ventures. On the other hand, a number of brokerage houses make sure the hassle free investment in stocks. Asset management firms allow investors to estimate both the expected risks and returns, as measured statistically. There are mainly two types of Portfolio management strategies. 1. Passive Portfolio Strategy 2. Active Portfolio Strategy 1. Passive Portfolio Strategy: A strategy that involves minimal expectation input, and instead relies on diversification to match the performance of some market index. A passive strategy assumes that the marketplace will reflect all available information in the price paid for securities 2. Active Portfolio Strategy: A strategy that uses available information and forecasting techniques to seek a better performance than a portfolio that is simply diversified broadly. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Dr. Jayanta Kumar Seal explore equity trading in India was basically a floor-based activity in the BSE. Traditionally, stock trading was done through stock brokers, personally or through telephones. As the no. of people trading in stock market increased enormously in last few years, a no. of stock brokers comes in the field, thus increasing further competition. Due to this, there come new innovations in trading. In this scenario, the existing players are left with two options-either to change their product offerings or to perish. 2. Ravinder Kumar Nidhi Walia found Indian investors are more conservative; they do not adopt any change easily. Till now just few investors can be recognized who are using technology for online stock trading. Traditional traders still prefer to choose broker as a stock trading mechanism because they are more loyal to their broker. Online trading empowers educated investors to make their own decisions with close watch on market sensitivity by browsing through various sites. 3. Ms. Nidhi Walia explores that with IT fueling economy, internet is adopted as effective tool in catalyzing the business activities. Latest developments in information technology have altogether changed business done traditionally. As financial system is becoming more complex it has become need of hour, where investor should comprehend the data and understand recent intricacies of online trading. In Indian context, e-trading is relatively new concept, which has yet to gain some significant meaning. In the past, investor had no option to get market information except to contact local broker. But internet trading in stock trading is becoming medium of exchange whereby investor can order stock exchange on simple mouse click sitting at his place. Keeping in view current market requirement an attempt has been made in this research paper to analyze current status of online trading in Indian scenario. 4. Mr. Ajay Kumar through this research finds which brokerage house people prefer and to figure out what people prefer while investing in stock market. This study suggests that people are reluctant while investing in stock and commodity market due to lack of knowledge. Main purpose of investment is returns and liquidity, commodity market is less preferred by investors due to lack of awareness. The major findings of this study are that people are interested to invest in stock market but they lack knowledge. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Objective of Study Each research study has its own specific purpose. It is like to discover to Question through the application of scientific procedure. But the main aim of our research to find out the truth that is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Our research study has following objectives:- Primary Objective: To know about the competitive position of the Reliance Money in competitive market. Secondary Objective: 1. To know the market share of different players in Share Market. 2. To study the services offered by different players to the customer. 3. TO access how Reliance Money is better than others competitors. 4. To check satisfaction level of customers of different players. TYPES OF RESEARCH The research is based on Descriptive and Qualitative research. Descriptive Research: Descriptive research includes surveys and fact finding enquires of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. Researcher has no control over the variables of this type of research. Qualitative Research: The research needs comparison between different stock brokers. So this is based on all qualitative data. In short, Qualitative research is especially important in the behavioral sciences where the aim is to discover the underline motives of human behavior. Through such research we can analyses various factors which motivate to people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing. SAMPLE DESIGN â€Å"A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting item for the sample† Generally Sample designs are two types 1. PROBABILITY SAMPLE DESIGN 2. NON PROBABILITY SAMPLE DESIGN In the research Non-probability research design is used. SAMPLING AREA Sampling area may be a geographical one, such as state, district, village etc. The researcher will have to decide one or more of such area that he has to select for his study. In this research study Ambala as a sampling area. SAMPLING UNIT Sampling unit may be defined as an individual, pair or group of persons included as respondent. In this research study General Investors are the sampling units. SIZE OF SAMPLE â€Å"This refers to the number of items to be selected from the universe to constitute a sample† In the present research sample size is 100. But the research also study the 5 stock broker companies related to security commodity market like India-infoline, ICICI direct, HDFC-securities, Karvy consultant ltd. and indiabulls for the appropriate collection of the information. SOURES OF DATA COLLECTION While deciding about the method of data collection to be used for the study the researcher should keep to types of data. 1. Primary Data. 2. Secondary Data. Research uses primary data, as well as secondary data. Primary means collected as fresh, and the first time data and secondary means which are already available like annual report, magazines, internet, previously researches etc. SURVEY METHOD Survey refers to the method of securing information concerning phenomena under study from all or selected number of respondents of the concerned area. In a survey the investigator examines those phenomena which exist in the universe independent of his action. Research uses the Questionnaire Method. LIMITATIONS OF STUDY ? As only Ambala dealt in survey so it does not represent the view of the total Indian market. ? Size of the research may not be substantial. ? There was lack of time on the part of respondents. ? The survey was carried through questionnaire and the questions were based on perception. ? There may be biasness in information by market participant. ? Complete data was not available due to company privacy and secrecy. ? Customer dissatisfied with the services. ? People fear that as Reliance Money is a Private company so their money is not secured. ? Insurance means LIC for people. ? Misguidance by agents. ? Lacks of motivation as false commitments were made to customer by the company. INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY The emergence of stock market can be traced back to 1830. In Bombay, business passed in the shares of banks like the commercial bank, the chartered mercantile bank, the chartered bank, the oriental bank and the old bank of Bombay and shares of cotton presses. In Calcutta, Englishman reported the quotations of 4%, 5%, and 6% loans of East India Company as well as the shares of the bank of Bengal in 1836. This list was a further broadened in 1839 when the Calcutta newspaper printed the quotations of banks like union bank and Agra bank. It also quoted the prices of business ventures like the Bengal bonded warehouse, the Docking Company and the storm tug company. Between 1840 and 1850, only half a dozen brokers existed for the limited business. But during the share mania of 1860-65, the number of brokers increased considerably. By 1860, the number of brokers was about 60 and during the exciting period of the American Civil war, their number increased to about 200 to 250. The end of American Civil war brought disillusionment and many failures and the brokers decreased in number and prosperity. It was in those troublesome times between 1868 and 1875 that brokers organized an informal association and finally as recited in the Indenture constituting the â€Å"Articles of Association of the Exchange†. On or about 9th day of July, 1875, a few native brokers doing brokerage business in shares and stocks resolved upon forming in Bombay an association for protecting the character, status and interest of native share and stock brokers and providing a hall or building for the use of the members of such association. As a meeting held in the broker’ Hall on the 5th day of February, 1887, it was resolved to execute a formal deal of association and to constitute the first managing committee and to appoint the first trustees. Accordingly, the Articles of Association of the Exchange and the Stock Exchange was formally established in Bombay on 3rd day of December, 1887. The Association is now known as â€Å"The Stock Exchange†. The entrance fee for new member was Re.1 and there were 318 members on the list, when the exchange was constituted. The numbers of members increased to 333 in 1896, 362 in 1916and 478 in 1920 and the entrance fee was raised to Rs.5 in 1877, Rs.1000 in 1896, Rs.2500 in 1916 and Rs. 48,000 in 1920. At present there are 23 recognized stock exchanges with about 6000 stock brokers. Organization structure of stock exchange varies. 14 stock exchanges are organized as public limited companies, 6 as companies limited by guarantee and 3 are non-profit voluntary organization. Of the total of 23, only 9 stock exchanges have been permanent recognition. Others have to seek recognition on annual basis. These exchange do not work of its own, rather, these are run by some persons and with the help of some persons and institution. All these are down as functionaries on stock exchange. These are 1. Stockbrokers 2. sub-broker 3. market makers 4. Portfolio consultants etc. 1.) Stockbrokers Stock brokers are the members of stock exchanges. These are the persons who buy, sell or deal in securities. A certificate of registration from SEBI is mandatory to act as a broker. SEBI can impose certain conditions while granting the certificate of registrations. It is obligatory for the person to abide by the rules, regulations and the buy-law. Stock brokers are commission broker, floor broker, arbitrageur etc. Detail of registered brokers Total no. of registered brokers as on 31.03.2008 Total no. of sub-brokers as on 31.03.2008 9000 24,000 2.) Sub-broker A sub-broker acts as agent of stock broker. He is not a member of a stock exchange. He assists the investors in buying, selling or dealing in securities through stockbroker. The broker and sub-broker should enter into an agreement in which obligations of both should be specified. Sub-broker must be registered SEBI for a dealing in securities. For getting registered with SEBI, he must fulfill certain rules and regulation. 3.) Market Makers Market maker is a designated specialist in the specified securities. They make both bid and offer at the same time. A market maker has to abide by bye-laws, rules regulations of the concerned stock exchange. He is exempt from the margin requirements. As per the listing requirements, a company where the paid-up capital is Rs. 3 crore but not more than Rs. 5 crore and having a commercial operation for less than 2 years should appoint a market maker at the time of issue of securities. 4.) Portfolio consultants A combination of securities such as stocks, bonds and money market instruments is collectively called as portfolio. Whereas the portfolio consultants are the persons, firms or companies who advise, direct or undertake the management or administration of securities or funds on behalf of their clients. MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE REGION 1. Karvy 2. ICICI direct 3. Indiainfoline 4. HDFC security 5. Indiabulls KARVY KARVY is a premier integrated financial services provider, and ranked among the top five in the country in all its business segments, services over 16 million individual investors in various capacities, and provides investor services to over 300 corporate, comprising the who is who of Corporate India. Karvy has a professional management team and ranks among the best in technology, operations and research of various industrial segments. History of Karvy The birth of Karvy was on a modest scale in 1981. It began with the vision and enterprise of a small group of practicing Chartered Accountants who founded the flagship company, Karvy Consultants Limited. They started with consulting and financial accounting automation and carved inroads into the field of registry and share accounting by 1985. Since then, Karvy utilized its experience and superlative expertise to go from strength to strength, to better their services, to innovate, diversify and in the process, evolved as one of India’s premier integrated financial service enterprise. PRODUCT AND SERVICES OF KARVY GROUP 1. Karvy comtrade. 2. Karvy consultant ltd. 3. Karvy merchant banking. 4. Karvy global services ltd. ICICI DIRECT ICICI Web Trade Limited (IWTL) maintains www.icicidirect.com (herein after referred to as the Website) whereas IWTL is an affiliate of ICICI Bank Limited and the Website is owned by ICICI Bank Limited. IWTL has launched and established an online trading service on the Website. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF ICICI DIRECT 1. Investing in Mutual funds 2. Personal Finance 3. Customer Service Features 4. IPO’s 5. Margin Trading 6. Margin PLUS Trading 7. Call Trade 8. Trading on NSE/BSE 9. Trade in derivatives INDIAINFOLINE SECURITY PRIVATE LTD India Infoline.com Securities Pvt. Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary of India Infoline.com Ltd and is the stock broking arm of India Infoline.com. The subsidiary was formed to comply with regulatory guidelines. www.5paisa.com is a focused website for online stock market trading. 5paisa.com is a trade name owned by the India Infoline.com group. IILSPL has applied for trading membership of the BSE under Securities and Exchange Board of India (Stock Brokers and Sub-Brokers) Rules 1992. IILSPL is in the business of providing broking services online via the Internet (E-broking Services) and has been permitted by the NSE by way of registration permission no: NSEIL/CMO/INET/1103/2000 dated 03/July/2000, and will be applying for permission to the BSE, to provide E-broking Services to its clients. IILSPL is a TRADING MEMBER of the National Stock Exchange of India. PRODUCT OFFERED BY IILSPL 1. Stock market:- IILSPL deals in stock market by trading in equity and derivatives. 2. Personal finance:- It Deals In Mutual Fund And Insurance. 3. Online Trading :- It provides services in stock and commodity trading (through Internet). HDFC SECURITY HDFC security is the subsidiary of HDFC (Housing Development Financial Corporation). www.hdfcsec.com would have an exclusive discretion to decide the customers who would be entitled to its online investing services. www.hdfcsec.com also reserves the right to decide on the criteria based on which customers would be chosen to participate in these services .The present web site (www.hdfcsec.com) contains features of services that they offer/propose to offer in due course. The launch of new services is subject to the clearance of the regulators. i.e. SEBI, NSE and BSE. PRODUCT OFFERED BY HDFC SECURITY 1. Online trading for Resident Non Resident Indians. 2. Cash-n-Carry on both NSE and BSE. 3. Day trading on both NSE and BSE. 4. Trade on Futures Options on the NSE. 5. Online IPOs. 6. Telephone-based Broking (Equity Derivatives). INDIABULLS SECURITIES LIMITED Indiabulls Securities Limited was incorporated as GPF Securities Private Limited on June 9, 1995. The name of the company was changed to Orbis Securities Private Limited on December 15, 1995 to change the profile of the company and subsequently due to the conversion of the company into a public limited company; the name was further changed to Orbis Securities Limited on January 5, 2004. The name of the company was again changed to Indiabulls Securities Limited on February 16, 2004 so as to capitalize on the brand image of the term â€Å"Indiabulls† in the company name. ISL is a corporate member of capital market derivative segment of The National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. At present, ISL accounts for approximately 3% of the total daily turnover of the Exchange with 32,359 client relationships and 70 branches spread across the country as of April 30, 2004. INDIABULLS CREDIT SERVICES LIMITED:- Indiabulls Credit Services has been valued at Rs. 263 crore with the Rs. 87.6-crore infusion. Indiabulls Credit Services Ltd, the recently formed subsidiary of broking firm, Indiabulls Financial Services Ltd. Faralon Capital, a San Francisco-based private equity fund, and its affiliates have acquired 33.3 per cent stake for Rs 87.6 crore. INDIABULLS REAL ESTATE:- Indiabulls through its group companies has entered Indian Real Estate business in 2005. It is currently evaluating several large-scale projects worth several hundred million dollars. Indiabulls became the first company to bring FDI in Indian Real Estate through a JV with Farallon Capital Management, a respected US based investment firm. PRODUCT OFFERED BY INDIA BULLS 1. Equity Debt Stock Broking 2. Insurance 3. Commodity trading 4. Depository Services 5. Derivatives Broking Services 6. Equity Research Services 7. Mutual Fund Distribution 8. IPO Distribution COMPARISON WITH COMPETITORS reliance money icici direct hdfc india bulls indiainfoline karvy DELIVERY .01% .40-.85% .75-1.0% .35% 0.3-0.5% 1% INTRADAY .01% .02-.04% .05% .035% 0.03-0.05% 0.1% AMC 200 750 600 350-750 500 350 Exposure 5 4 4-6 4-10 6 6 Software free Only for esteemed n.a. 750/p.m. 1000 1800/p.a. Online trading yes Yes yes yes yes yes Min. balance nil 5000(q) 5000 n.a. 5000 5000 MARKET SHARE Indiabulls is the market leader; about 37% of the investors are using the services of Indiabulls, followed by ICICI Direct with 32% customer’s base. According to various studies ICICI Direct is the major competitive of Indiabulls. Reliance Money is gaining its share which is currently at 3.9% market share. INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPANY The Reliance – Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group is among India’s top three private sector business houses on all major financial parameters, with a market capitalisation of Rs 100,000 crore (US$ 22 billion), net assets in excess of Rs 31,500 crore (US$ 7 billion), and net worth to the tune of Rs 27,500 crore (US$ 6 billion). Reliance Money Limited has been promoted by Reliance Capital Limited a part of Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group with the Net-worth – Rs. 4500 cr., amongst the top 3 banking financial services companies in the private sector. Management Team Chairman : Mr. Anil Dhirubhai Ambani CEO : Mr. Sudip Bandhupadhyay Deputy CEO : Mr. Kapil Bali National Head : Mr. Anshu Azare Regional Head : Mr. Ritu Raj chauhan Cluster Head : Navdeep Kaur Center Managers : Sandeep saini BOARD OF DIRECTORS Anil Ambani, Chairman Amitabh Jhunjhunwala, Vice-Chairman Rajendra Chitale, Independent Director Shri C. P. Jain Shri. P N Ghatalia Reliance Capital Ltd Reliance Capital is one of India’s leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital has interests in asset management and mutual funds, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other activities in financial services. Reliance Capital entered into lucrative online trading business with Reliance money. There are mixed reports about this online trading platform. It shook up online trading business with cheap brokerage charge offer. Business Overview RCL is registered as a depository participant with National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL) and Central Depository Services Ltd (CDSL) under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Depositories and Participants) Regulations, 1996. RCL has sponsored the Reliance Mutual Fund within the framework of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Fund) Regulations, 1996.RCL primarily focuses on funding projects in the infrastructure sector and supports the growth of its subsidiary companies, Reliance Capital Asset Management Limited, Reliance Capital Trustee Co. Limited, Reliance General Insurance Company Limited and Reliance Life Insurance Company Limited. As of March 31, 2005, the company’s investment in infrastructure projects stood at Rs. 1071 Crores. The investment portfolio of RCL is structured in a way that realizes the highest post-tax return on its investments. Reliance Capital Ltd. is one of India’s leading and amongst the fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the leading private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth. Reliance Capital Ltd. has interests in asset management and mutual funds, life and general insurance, private equity and proprietary investments, stock broking and other financial services. Reliance Money limited Reliance Money, a Reliance Capital company, is part of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group Reliance Money commenced commercial operations in April 2007. It is a comprehensive financial services and solution provider providing customers with access to Equity, Equity and Commodity Derivatives, Portfolio Management Services, Mutual Funds, IPOs, Life and General Insurance and Gold Coins. Customers can also avail Loans, Credit Card, Money Transfer and Money Changing services. The largest broking house in India with over 2.5 million customers and a wide network of over 10,000 outlets and 20,000 touch points in 5,000+ locations. Reliance Money endeavors to change the way investors transact in financial markets and avails financial services. The average daily volume on the stock exchanges is Rs. 2,000 crores, representing approximately 3% of the total stock exchange volume. Reliance Capital is one of Indias leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking groups, in terms of net worth. â€Å"Success is a journey, not a destination.† If we look for examples to prove this quote then we can find many but there is none like that of Reliance Money. The company which is today known as the largest financial service provider of India. Success sutras of Reliance Money The success story of the company is driven by 9 success sutras adopted by it namely Trust, Integrity, Dedication, Commitment, Enterprise, Hard work, Home work, Team work play, Learning and Innovation, Empathy and Humility and last but not the least it’s the Network . Vision of Reliance Money To achieve sustain market leadership, Reliance Money shall aim for complete customer satisfaction, by combining its human and technological resources, to provide world class quality services. In the process Reliance Money shall strive to meet and exceed customers satisfaction and set industry standards. Mission statement â€Å"Our mission is to be a leading and preferred service provider to our customers, and we aim to achieve this leadership position by building an innovative, enterprising , and technology driven organization which will set the highest standards of service and business ethics.† Highlights of Reliance Money The highlights of Reliance moneys offerings are: 1. Cost-effective The fee charged by the affiliates of Reliance Money, through whom the transactions can be placed, is among the lowest charged in the present scenario. Pay a flat fee of just Rs. 500/- valid for 2 months or specified transactional value. The facility of trading is subject to expiry of the validity period or value limit, whichever comes first. Illustrations depicting fee structure and validity limits Access fee- Rs. 500 Validity- Time validity of 2 months or Turnover validity of Rs. 1 cr., whichever is earlier Turnover limit- Non-delivery turnover of Rs. 90 lac, Delivery turnover of Rs. 10 lac Access fee- Rs. 1350 Validity- Time validity of 6 months or Turnover validity of Rs. 3 cr., whichever is earlier Turnover limit- Non-delivery turnover of Rs. 2.7 cr., Delivery turnover of Rs. 30 lakh Access fee- Rs. 2500 Validity- Time validity of 12 months or Turnover validity of Rs. 6 cr., whichever is earlier Turnover limit- Non-delivery turnover of Rs. 5.4 cr., Delivery turnover of Rs. 60 lakh Unutilized delivery limit may be added to Non-delivery limit 2. Convenience You have the flexibility to access Reliance Money services in multiple ways: through the Internet, Transaction Kiosks, Call Transact (phone) or seek assistance through our Business Partners 3. Security Reliance Money provides secure access through an electronic token that flashes a unique security number every 32 seconds (and ensures that the number used for earlier transaction is discarded). This number works as a third level password that keeps your account extra safe 4. Single window for multiple products Reliance Money, through its affiliates/partners, facilitates transactions in Equity, Equity Commodity Derivatives, Offshore Investments, Mutual Funds, IPOs, Life Insurance and General Insurance products. All overseas investments are subject to rules, regulations and guidelines of the Reserve Bank of India as laid down from time to time 5. 3 in 1 integrated access Reliance Money offers integrated access to your banking, trading and demat account. You can transact without the hassle of writing cheques Demat account with Reliance Capital Hassles free demat account with Reliance Capital. The Annual Maintenance Charge for the Demat Account is just Rs. 50/- per annum 6. Other Services Through the portal www.reliancemoney.com, Reliance Money provides: a. Reliable research, including views of external experts with an enviable track record b. Live news from Reuters and Dow Jones c. CEOs/experts views on the economy and financial markets d. The Personal finance section provides tools that help you plan your investments, retirement, tax, etc e. Analyze your risk profile through the Risk Analyzer f. Get a suitable investment portfolio using the Asset Allocator KEY BENEFITS OF RELIANCE MONEY Equity is a share in the ownership of a company. It represents a claim on the company’s assets and earnings. As you acquire more stock, your ownership stake in the company increases. The terms share, equity and stock mean the same thing and can be used interchangeably. Holding a company’s stock means that you are one of the many owners (shareholders) of a company, and, as such, you have a claim (to the extent of your holding) to everything the company owns. Yes, this means that technically, you own a portion of every piece of furniture; every trademark; every contract, etc. of the company. As an owner, you are entitled to your share of the company’s earnings as well as any voting rights attached to the stock. Another extremely important feature of equity is its limited liability, which means that, as a part-owner of the company, you are not personally liable if the company is not able to pay its debts. In case of other entities such as partnerships, if the partnership goes bankrupt, the partners are personally liable towards the creditors/lenders and they may have to sell off their personal assets like their house, car, furniture, etc., to make good the loss. In case of holding equity shares, the maximum value you can lose is the value of your investment. Even if a company of which you are a shareholder goes bankrupt, you can never lose your personal assets. Reliance Money gives you the access to Over 5000 Schemes of 28 Assets Management Companies (AMCs) with just one account. Some of them included are. Portfolio Tracker Manage your mutual fund portfolio from the Reliance Money account. Benefit from live valuation and alerts and also track NAVs of any scheme online. Choice of investment strategies From just two scheme types (equity scheme and debt scheme) offered when the mutual fund industry was conceived more than four decades ago, today, mutual funds offer a plethora of scheme types with different investment strategies. Life Insurance Reliance Money Account gives you the advantage of buying policies from 12 different Life Insurance companies, helping you get unbiased opinion. General Insurance Reliance Money Account also extends the product offerings from 10 General Insurance Companies with exhaustive range of insurance products that covers most risks including Motor, Health, Property, Marine, Casualty and Liability. Over the Counter Products Your Reliance Money Account makes it so simple for you to buy insurance products that it’s as easy as buying something over the counter. RelianceMoney.com is offering most dynamic web based trading environment to its customers. The new trading platform has many new features which basically fill up the gap between old online trading companies in India and their customers. The Reliance Money trading websites comes with special security features Security Token, which makes you online trading experience more secure without complexity. Stock Trading is available in BSE and NSE. Offline trading is also available through Reliance Money partners in your city and through phone by dialing 022-39886000. TYPE OF ACCOUNT Reliance money is offering 3 types of accounts to its customers. Account for beginners, for meddlers and for experts. How to open account with Reliance Money? Account opening with Reliance Money is easy. Simply fill a form online at below address and somebody from Reliance Money will contact you soon. Advantages of Reliance Money 1. Extra security features with Security which is the most secures and tested technology in computer world. 2. Simple, easy and fast online stock trading. 3. Almost all investment options are available under one account including Equity Trading, Derivatives, Forex, Commodity, IPO, Mutual Funds and Insurance. 4. Branches are now available in all major cities and the number is growing. Branches are open from 9am to 9pm. Online trading is presently at its nascent stage and is not the most preferred option for financial transactions owing to security concerns and lack of accessibility points. Reliance Money through this hi-speed, technologically secure kiosks will therefore be able to reach out to all its existing and potential customers at even the remotest locations in the country without compromising on the security of its customer’s funds. Why should you choose Reliance Money? 1. Because it is from Reliance. Reliance capital has big plans regarding this business. It may announce attractive offers to gain market share. Reliance will never enter into a business with small plans. 2. Its brokerage charges are lowest in the country among major providers. With Rs 2500 prepaid amount, you can trade for Rs 5 crore. 3. Site is simple in design, fast to access and easy to find required information. 4. Its daily reports on market trends and technical breakouts are very useful. 5. Website content is divided according to the requirements of experts and beginners. 6. You can trade in Forex, Derivatives, Mutual funds, IPO and buy Insurance. Why should you stay away from reliance Money? 1. The trading platform is still in development stage. There are many bugs needs to be rectified. 2. Its â€Å"Insta trade† service is not up to the standard. Reliance Money software is a java based simple software. It should provide advanced software to meet the needs of advanced traders. 3. Its system is sometimes very slow and orders are not placed at the time. 4. Its market watch solution is a way behind its competitors like Money control and ICICIdirect. 5. Its service people are not as efficient as competitors. 6. It is still not providing options to buy Post office savings. 7. It is recommending few stocks even when stock markets are on roll. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Reliance ADA Group Structure Products PRODUCTS offered by Reliance Money are: 1. Trading Portal (with almost negligible brokerage ) Equity Broking Commodity Broking Derivatives ( Futures Options ) Offshore Investments (Contract For Differences) D-Mat Account. 2. Financial Products Mutual Funds Life Insurance o ULIP plan o Term Plan o Money Back Plan General Insurance o Vehicle/Motor Insurance o Health Insurance o House insurance IPO’s NFOs 3. Value-Added Services Retirement Planning Financial Planning Tax Saving Children Future Planning 4. Credit Cards 5. Gold coins retailing DATA ANALYSIS The data after collection has proposed analyzed in accordance with the outline laid down for the purpose at the time of developing the research plan. The data collected in the stated manner tabulated according to the corresponding variables. The table thus prepared were analyzed interpreted to draw the meaning, out of the study. 1) Do you know about investment options available? KNOWLEDGE %AGE Yes 80% No 20% TOTAL 100 COMMENT Today scenario is changed so that most area covered by the securities and commodity market. It is 24% of the total population. 2) Most preferable investment scenario. Investment scenario %AGE Shares 24% Mutual Funds 20% Bonds 18% Banks 14% Real Estate 10% Insurance 6% Commodity market 4% Others 4% COMMENT Only 80% people know the exact meaning of investment. Because of remaining 20% take his/her residential property as an investment. According to law purpose this is not an investment because of it is not create any profit for the owner. 3).What is the basic purpose of your investment? INVESTMENT PURPOSE %AGE Liquidity 30% Returns 25% Capital appreciation 20% Tax benefits 10% Risk covering 5% Others 10% COMMENT: 30% people are interested in liquidity, 25% in returns and 10% tax benefits. And remaining 20% are interested in capital appreciations, 15% in risk covering and others. 4). From which option you will get the best returns? INVESTMENT SCENARIO %AGE Shares 26% Mutual Funds 27% Bonds 18% Banks 14% Real Estate 22% Insurance 4% Commodity market 5% Others 4% COMMENT: Most of the people say that Mutual fund gives satisfactory result; following it are bonds, shares and banks. 5).Most important things you take into your mind while making investments? FACTOR %AGE Risk 8% Returns 17% Both 75% TOTAL 100 COMMENT 75% people are considered the both factors risk as well as returns but, only 25% considered the risk or returns factor. 6). Do you have any knowledge of share markets? KNOWLEDGE PERCENTAGE Complete 10% Nil 27% Partial 63% COMMENT On that basis, we conclude that 27% people know nothing about the securities investments and 63% people have partial knowledge about it, so, some promotional activities are required for increasing the awareness about security market. 7) If you invested in Share Market, what has been your experience? options %AGE Satisfactory returns received 20 Burned fingers 6 Unsatisfactory results 8 No Results 66 TOTAL 100 COMMENT: Majority of people are in losses and hence they are getting no results. 8) Are you aware of online Share trading? KNOWLEDGE %AGE Yes 72% No 28% TOTAL 100 COMMENT: 72% of respondents are aware of online share trading while 28% of them don’t know about it. 9) Heard about Reliance money? KNOWLEDGE %AGE Yes 82% No 18% TOTAL 100 COMMENT Majority of people are aware about the Reliance Money, this shows that marketing strategy are good. 10) Do you know about the facilities provided by Reliance money? KNOWLEDGE %AGE Yes 76 No 24 TOTAL 100 COMMENT: In spite of good marketing, only 76% people are aware of services offered by Reliance Money. 11).Do you have any de-mat trading account? ACCOUNTS PERCENTAGE Yes 75 No 25 TOTAL 100 COMMENT Only 75% respondents have de-mat and trading account and remaining 25% says no because they don’t know why shares move up and down. 12).In which company you have d-mat and trading account? COMPANY %AGE ICICI DIRECT 30% INDIAINFOLINE 25% INDIA BULLS 22% Reliance Money 16% KARVY 7% HDFC securities 4% COMMENT In Reliance Money 16% respondents have de-mat trading account because of better services and min. annual maintenance and other charges. 13) What differentiates your Share trading company from others? %AGE Brokerage 23 Operating expanses 25 Services 20 Products 17 Software 15 Total 100 Comment Three main factors are brokerage, operating expenses, services, then is products and software. 14) Which Share trading company provides good exposure? Comments Majority of clients of indiabulls feels that the exposure provided by them is neither high nor low, while some believe it is enough. But in ICICI it is contrary. R-Money gets positive response from majority of clients. 15) Which Share trading company provides its Software to customers? Comment As far as software is concerned, R-Money dominates, followed by indiainfoline. 16) Which Share trading company charges fair Brokerage? Comment Although majority of customers of all the firms feel that brokerage charged is neither high nor low, customers of R-Money are highly satisfied. On the other hand, customers of ICICI are most dissatisfied. And about 40% of customers of indiabulls consider it to be NHNL, and another 40% rate it as good, while 20% feel that it is not quite low. 17) Which Share trading company provides fair operating expenses? Comments As per operating charges, comparison among the firms clearly points out that there is not much difference among the firms. First is R-money, followed by indiabulls. 18) Are you satisfied with your present Share trading company? COMMENT This shows that customers of reliance money are not satisfied while Indiainfoline is stood first in this parameter. FINDINGS ? Majority of clients of indiabulls feels that the exposure provided by them is neither high nor low, while some believe it is enough. But in ICICI it is contrary. R-Money gets positive response from majority of clients. ? Although majority of customers of all the firms feel that brokerage charged is neither high nor low, customers of R-Money are highly satisfied. On the other hand, customers of ICICI are most dissatisfied. And about 40% of customers of indiabulls consider it to be NHNL, and another 40% rate it as good, while 20% feel that it is not quite low. ? As far as software is concerned, R-Money dominates, followed by indiabulls. ? As per charges, comparison among the firms clearly points out that there is not much difference among the firms. First is R-money, followed by indiabulls. ? On the basis of call and trade facility, there is again not much differences. Comparison among ICICI and indiabulls shows that icici has less no. of customers who rated it low as compared to indiabulls and also higher no. of customers rate it good, but indiabulls has the edge over the rest when it comes to customers who rate it very high. ? Customer’s feedback regarding the Research Tips parameter shows that the competition is primarily between three firms- Indiabulls, icici and Indiainfoline. ? Reliance Money is gaining its share which is currently at 3.9% market share by providing better offerings, less brokerage and other services, indiabulls is the market leader. ? Approx. 16% respondents have de-mat trading account because min. annual maintenance and other charges. ? R-Money brought many innovations in products which are liked by customers. ? R-Money’s offerings are very competitive. ? Though reliance money is working very hard in order to meet the competition but there is a gap between the expectations and the experiences of the customers which is widening regularly. ? This gap has emerged because of the sales oriented focus of reliance money. ? In order to increase the sales figures, the company has somewhere ignored the service delivery and left the customer on his own. SUGGESTIONS ? Build relationship with the customers to keep them retained. ? Company should start a system of filling up of feedbacks and complaints online so that rectification of errors can be done easily. ? Company should start a kind of soft skill training program for all of its distributors so that the customers feel the same level of satisfaction as they feel while transacting with the company. ? Though the service quality is good but it should become better consistently as good service and better relationships are the key success factors of current market situations. ? The process of documentation is a hassle for customers as it is not at all user friendly. Company should take care of user friendliness of the system. ? In order to fill the gap between actual and expected, company needs to customize its services as it is dealing into financial instruments. ? These financial instruments are risky and it is very essential to make the customer feel that you are taking care of his money. ? This can be done only if all the services are customized and the system is made transparent for the customer as well as for the employees. CONCLUSION The expectations of the customers are regularly increasing because of the increasing competition and emergence of global market. In such conditions it becomes very necessary for a company to fulfill all the expectations of the customers and give them a delightful experience. Reliance Money aims to provide better services by consistently improvement. The study concluded:- Reliance Money Ltd. has better Portfolio Management services than Other Companies Reliance Money Ltd. keeps its process more transparent. Reliance Money Ltd. is giving more returns to its investors. Reliance Money charges are less than other stock brokers. Reliance Money is providing daily updates about the stocks information. Investors are looking for those investment options where they get maximum returns with less costs. Market is becoming complex it means that the individual investor will not have the time to play stock game on his own. People are less aware about the Services provided by Reliance Money. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: (1) Punithawati Pandiyan, â€Å"Security Analysis Portfolio Management†, Vikas Publishing House, New delhi. (2) Financial Markets, The Icfai University press, Hyderabad, 2007. (3) Donald E. Fisher and Ronald J. Jordan, â€Å"Security Analysis Portfolio Management†, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. (4) Zikmund, â€Å"Business Research Methodology† (5) Kothari C.R., â€Å"Research Methodology : Methods and Techniques†, Wishwa Prkashan, New Delhi, 2001. MAGAZINES:- (1) Omkar Goswami, â€Å"New Entrants in Sock Trading†, Business Week, Oct,2003, page 13. (2) Rajesh Gajra, â€Å"Sebi’s Wake Up call†, Business World, June 2008, page20. (3) Srikanth Srinivas, â€Å"Increasing competition in Online Trading†, Business Today, March,2005, page 21. JOURNALS:- (1) Nidhi Walia and Ravinder Kumar, â€Å"Online Stock Trading in India: an empirical investigation†, Indian Journal of marketing, April 2007, page 34-39. (2) Jayanta Kumar Seal, â€Å"Changing Dynamics of Stock Trading†, Portfolio Organizer, Oct. 2007, page 17-25. (3) Aggarwal Sanjiv, â€Å"Stock Trading o Net†, Business Line, Aug. 2000, page 31-37. (4) Mr. Ajay Kumar, â€Å"Comparison of stock Brokers in India†, Indian Journal of Business, June 1999, page 93-96. (5) Nidhi Walia, â€Å"Online Stock Trading in India: on the road of progress†, Applied finance, March 2004, page 21-26. (6) Nay-Fu Chen, Richard Roll and Stephen A. Ross, â€Å"Economic Forces and the Stock Market†, The Journal of Business, Vol. 59, No. 3,383-403, Jul. 1986. INTERNET:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_Market http://surfindia.com/finance/stock-market.html moneycontrol.com reliancemoney.com sebi.gov.in reliancecapital.com indiainfoine.com icicidierct.com hdfcsecurity.com karvy.com http://nseindia.com http://bseindia.com APPENDIX Questionnaire Name: Age: Sex: Male Female Phone No: 1) Do you know about Investment options available? a) Yes b) No 2) In which of these Financial Instruments do you invest into? a) Shares b) Bonds c) Commodity market d) Insurance e) Mutual Funds f) Banks g) Real Estate i) Others 3) What is the basic purpose of your investment? a) Liquidity b) Returns c) Capital appreciation d) Risk covering e) Tax benefits 4) From which option you will get the best returns? a) Shares b) Bonds c) Commodity market d) Insurance e) Mutual Funds f) Banks g) Real Estate i) Others 5) What are the most important things you take into account, while making any investment? a) Risk b) Returns c) Both 6) Do you have any knowledge of share markets? a) Partial b) Complete c) Nil 7) If you invested in Share Market, what has been your experience? a) Satisfactory returns received b) Burned fingers c) Unsatisfactory results d) No Results 8) Are you aware of online Share trading? a) Yes b) No 9) Heard about Reliance money? a) Yes b) No 10) Do you know about the facilities provided by Reliance money? a) Yes b) No 11) Do you have any D-mat Trading account? a) Yes b) No 12) In which company you have D-mat Trading account? a) Reliance Money d) Karvy b) Indiainfoline e) ICICI direct c) India bulls f) HDFC securities 13) What differentiates your Share trading company from others? a) Brokerage b) Operating Expanses c) Services d) Products e) Software 14) Which Share trading company provides good exposure? 15) Which Share trading company provides its Software to customers? 16) Which Share trading company charges fair Brokerage? 17) Which Share trading company provides fair operating expenses? 18) Are you satisfied with your present Share trading company? a) Satisfied b) Neutral c) Unsatisfied Research Papers on A Competitive Analysis of Trading in Reliance MoneyAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of India

The Many Sides of Odysseus throughout the Epic story of the Odyssey Essay

The Many Sides of Odysseus throughout the Epic story of the Odyssey - Essay Example In each and every adventure that befalls Odysseus we see various facets of his character and his wanderings are seen as stages in development of humanity as a whole. We learn about ourselves through Odysseus while realizing that each stage of our life is a learning exercise: we live as we learn. The Odyssey, a tale of Odysseus’ journey back home after long years at war is also the tale of his spiritual journey through his own soul. As Odysseus leaves Troy for home, he is the typical bloodthirsty warrior. He leaves Troy feeling almost immortal and this pride is what leads to his downfall. In the course of his journey, Odysseus undergoes a symbolic death and rebirth and in the end becomes an epic hero regaining power over his household and has restored order to his life. Upon his arrival in Ithaca, it is evident that he has become a wiser man- more humble and more respectful. Homer skillfully inter-relates adventures, feelings and experiences of his characters. The vivid description and expressive language make the reading understandable to any age and social group. Even though the story is mythical, filled with ghosts, monsters and giants, the main themes can be interrelated with today’s issues of scheming, cunning, struggle for survival, race New facets of Odysseus’ character are revealed through each of his adventures. After Odysseus and his men depart from Troy, they land in Ismara. After looting the city Odysseus wisely tells his men to board the ships quickly, but they pay no heed and the next morning, the crew is attacked by the Ciconians. Odysseus manages to escape with tears in his eyes for his lost crew. â€Å"But Odysseus, clutching his flaring sea-blue cape in both powerful hands, drew it over his head and buried his handsome face† He does not disclose his identity to the Ciconians showing that he is capable of thinking ahead of his opponent displaying his superior

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Synthesis on Rear Window - Essay Example Jeff telephones Thorwald and asks him to meet him at a bar, providing Lisa and Stella with the opportunity to dig up the flower patch, but they find nothing. Lisa then climbs through the fire escape into Thorwald’s apartment, but unfortunately, he returns and catches her. Jeff witnesses this through the window and calls the police to save Lisa, who signals to him across the courtyard with Mrs. Thorwald’s ring. Thorwald notices Lisa signaling to Jeff through the window and realizes that Jeff is behind the whole scheme to uncover him as the murderer of his wife. Â  In the scuffle that follows Thorwald throws a yelling Jeffries through the window, but the police arrive in time to catch him before he hits the ground, and only suffers another broken leg. The police arrest Thorwald, who confesses to murdering his wife. In the final scene of the movie, Jeff has broken his other leg too as a result of the fall and is shown resting at peace in his wheelchair. Across the courtya rd, the lonely woman has a new-found friendship with the songwriter, the lover of the dancer returns home from the military, the elderly couple has acquired a new dog, and the young couple is constantly arguing. Rear Window provides an insightful view of the social and psychological factors that give rise to difficulties experienced in relationships between men and women. Jeff’s relationship with Lisa and the relationships of the other tenants across the courtyard combines throughout the film to bring out this central theme.... In the scuffle that follows Thorwald throws a yelling Jeffries through the window, but the police arrive in time to catch him before he hits the ground, and only suffers another broken leg. The police arrest Thorwald, who confesses to murdering his wife. In the final scene of the movie, Jeff has broken his other leg too as a result of the fall and is shown resting at peace in his wheelchair. Across the courtyard, the lonely woman has a new-found friendship with the songwriter, the lover of the dancer returns home from the military, the elderly couple has acquired a new dog, and the young couple is constantly arguing. Rear Window provides an insightful view of the social and psychological factors that give rise to difficulties experienced in relationships between men and women. Jeff’s relationship with Lisa, and the relationships of the other tenants across the courtyard, combines throughout the film to bring out this central theme. In The Women Who Knew Too Much, Tania Modlesk i interprets The Rear Window by using it as the basis for an analysis of the male and female spectators. Modleski asserts that the film stresses both male and female points of view, with both Jeff and Lisa being portrayed in the reverse shots observing the neighbors through the rear window. She stresses that the male character is not domineering over the female character, and that spectators get the opportunity to identify themselves with both Jeff and Lisa on different occasions. Lisa related to the characters through empathy and identification, whereas Jeff was more interested in spying on them and adopting a controlling relation to the happenings in their lives. Through these two perspectives, Modleski brings out the instances in the film that provided spectators with the

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Intenational - Essay Example Spain, France, and Holland launched various expeditions in order to establish colonies in the underdeveloped areas of the world, particularly in Asia, Africa, and South America. Despite the differences in methods, the objectives related to the launching of international and colonial trade in those times are not absolutely distinct to today’s globalisation. Globalisation in modern times is being pursued with the premise that former relationship of colonizers and colonies is no longer dominant. It is founded on the concept that the world is now made up mostly of independent countries that have sovereignty in managing their respective domestic economies and also have the capability of joining international trade. Free trade is the main objective of globalisation. It aims to make the entire world an open and free market, where people can easily avail of commodities coming from other countries. It allows businesses to expand beyond their countries of origin, thereby exporting not just goods but also capital. However, in doing so, it also seeks the removal of major barriers that each country may have established to deter the influx of too much imported goods as a result of unconstrained foreign trade. Consequently, this has an adverse effect on the sustainability of small local firms in any particular economy. The arrival of huge volumes of imports would lead into a competition strong enough to force their demise. This is the reason why debates on the nature of globalisation continue to be waged and international trade organisations and treaties are relentlessly being attacked by sectors that are most affected by its negative effects. This is also the basis why governments must not absolutely subject their economies to unconstrained foreign trade but instead legislate and enforce policies that would protect the small local firms. Apologists for unrestrained capitalism have always extolled the salient features of globalisation. Capitalism is an economic

Historical Site For Heritage Tourism Tourism Essay

Historical Site For Heritage Tourism Tourism Essay The Team Jamaica Handbook, 2006 defines tourist as any person who visits a country or place for more than twenty-four (24) hours but less than a year for a variety of reasons other than employment. One of the most popular attractions for tourist activities on vacation is visiting historical and culture sites. According to the tourism technical report (1998), Since the 90s Heritage Tourism has been the growth segments of the industry, given the countrys rich history and culture. Jamaica has attracted quite a large number of persons, both locally and internationally. It has become apparent that there has been a growing interest in historical and cultural aspects of Jamaicas life among visitors who travel to our country. (Chang 1997) has defined Heritage tourism as the phenomenon in which the cultural, historical and ethnic components of society or places are harnessed as resources to attract tourists, as well as develop a leisure and tourism industry. While, the national trust defines it as a traveling experience, the places and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. It includes historic, cultural and natural resources. As a result, the whole aspect of heritage tourism can be categorized into several facets called themes as laid out in the 2002 Tourism Master Plan. These includes natural wonders, slavery and emancipation, churches, great houses, maroons, Pre-Columbian Jamaica, forts and fortications and popular customs such as music, dance, dress and language. The case study focuses on the parish of St. Catherine being restored and promoted as a historic site for heritage tourism. Jamaica has been promoted as the island for sun, sea, sand and winter get-away for a number of years. It is where tourists come to frolic and take part in recreational activities. Jamaica consists of fourteen parishes, with St. Catherine been one of its parishes nestled between Clarendon and St. Andrew/Kingston. This Parish was the first area to hold the first capital, Spanish Town, of Jamaica. Hence, this parish holds tremendous sentimental and valuable rich culture that has nourished and molded Jamaica. Heritage Tourism is important as the development of assets is the key to sustainable development as it ensures that the product reflects the culture and aspirations of the Jamaican people. In restoring and promoting heritage tourism, it can become a tedious process so it is essential to promote our cultural remnant and customs that will attract heritage visitors. Through this process, it will be able to do more for local economies by providing jobs, promoting community pride and the structure for new business. Thus, the parish of St. Catherine has been neglected for long while and should be taken into consideration for restoration. Statement of Problem The parish of St. Catherine holds many historical sites which has not been restored and promoted. This research to be carried asserts that Heritage Tourism in St. Catherine has been in decline for a number of years. This has been the case because of the less attention being given to it by tourism managers in the area. Robert Bateman quotes that we need to look back at our wonderful, natural and human heritage, and cherish and protect the abundant values to be found there. We need to look out to the sides and see other parts of the world that need our help and can provide good ideas to go forwardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.we need too look ahead to be certain that our actions of today will make the world a better and richer and more varied place for our grandchildren and their grandchildren. This goes to show that conserving ones heritage is a growing concern that the Tourism Product Development Company has been placing further emphasis on development of Heritage Tourism and to widen the market f or Eco-Nature and Adventure Tourism. Heritage Tourism seems to be one of the many options to enlarge St. Catherines product base as well as enhancing Jamaicans understanding of their identity and preserving their valuable heritage. 1.2.1 Background to Research Problem The Tourism industry in Jamaica has been in full effect for years being one of the most anticipated places for tourists. In fact, tourism started to blossom in Jamaica after World War I when improved methods of transporting people to the island were established. The visit numbers have risen tremendously over the course from sixty four thousand in 1938 to One Million Six Hundred and Sixteen thousand Four Hundred and Thirty in 1993. This confirms that tourists are drawn to our island for what it has to offer. The major tourist sites are mostly on the north coast where people visit for the pleasant weather, white sandy beaches and resorts. These areas are mostly limited to Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Negril and Port Antonio while the parish of St. Catherine is used as a commercial centre next to Kingston which in turn holds a few numbers of visits for tourism appreciation. St. Catherine therefore needs a boost to sustain the heritage facets of tourism services. Due to the lack of many amenities to partake in, the deep roots of our heritage in St. Catherine may provide means of satisfying the Jamaican economy and the people who visit. All parts of this parish holds substantial cultural significance since it was the first home of Jamaicas capital, Spanish Town in 1534 and the home of the British Governor of the Island in that year. Most of St. Catherines heritage is held in the small town of Spanish Town holding the Parish Council, Supreme Court and House of Assembly. In 2011 an article was published criticizing Edmund Bartlett for not developing Spanish Town into a tourist destination. Then Mayor of Spanish Town and chairman of the St. Catherine Parish Council argued that the old capital should be restored and developed as a tourist mecca because Mr. Bartlett did not respond to his letter, thus emphasizing that he was not concerned with appreciating the true value of heritage tourism which contributes to eighty percent (80%) of tourism worldwide. In St. Catherine, there are various heritage facilities that will cater to the needs of tourist wanting to experience more of the heritage and a culture exchange. Some of these sites includes: bridges such as Flat Bridge, Old Iron Cast bridge, public buildings-Kings House, Military Structures-Barracks, Museums-Peoples Museum of Craft and Technology, monuments-Rodney Memorial, Churches-Phillipo Baptist, and forts-Fort Augusta and Fort Small. This comes to show that there are over twenty (20) buildings and area of interest that could be categorized as heritage sites. If St. Catherine is marketed properly it may attract hundreds of tourist to the parish. 1.3 Limitations to study ` The research is limited to the parish of St. Catherine, to residents and persons who have visited the area. The Jamaica Tourist Board along with the Tourism Product Development Company will also be used as they are responsible for developing, restoring and promoting cultural heritage in Jamaica. 1.4 Purpose of Study The aim of this research is to see how St. Catherine can be restored and promoted as a historical site for Heritage Tourism. The parish of St. Catherine which is located on the southern coast of Jamaica was chosen because it plays an integral role in our history. St. Catherine holds the first capital of our island, Spanish Town. The research is a source of information that lays out the current areas and applications to be carried out to make St. Catherine a travelled tourism destination for Heritage Tourism. They will be able to integrate and recognize different historical issues in the parish and determine various ways of making St. Catherine a diversified area for the tourism industry. Weiler and Hall has opined that culture, heritage and the arts have long been one of the appeal factors of tourists destinations and culture has been rediscovered as an important tool to attract the travelers with special interests in heritage. This statement justify that, persons will be impacted su ch as residents of St. Catherine, tourists and other visitors. Not only negatively through restoration but positively through fostering job opportunities, attracting visitors interested in history and preservation and diversifying the local economy. 1.5 Significance of Study The proposed research will determine ways on restoring and promoting St. Catherine as a destination for Heritage Tourism. The researcher hopes that the result of this study, the government will develop strategic measures to instill this area so it is preserved and protected. Since the parish has been neglected as far as the year 2009, the tourism body consisting of Ministry of Tourism, Jamaica National Heritage Trust, Jamaica Tourist Board and Tourism Product Development Company should put in place comprehensive and well conceived polices in order to encourage the restoration of the historical assets that each company constitutes. St. Catherine has the prospective to become a Heritage Tourism destination because of its distinct historical and cultural heritage and can provide visitors with unique experiences. Thus the significances should not be ignored but addressed to maintain the value of tourism in Jamaica. 1.6 Definition of Terms Tourist: Is any person who visits a country or place for more than twenty-four (24) hours but less than a year for a variety of reasons other than employment such as recreation, leisure, holiday, business, family and friends, or meeting. (Team Jamaica Handbook, 2006) Restoration: According to the Tourism Glossary (gdrc.org), restoration is returning existing habitats to a known past state, or to an approximation of the natural condition through repairing, degradation and removing introduced species. Promotion: All the activities in producing and increasing sales, including advertising, publicity and personal selling or the activities that supplements and makes more effective advertising and personal selling. Special events individually treated to bring public attention to specific products (Bhatia). As applied to the tourism industry, the most important function of marketing is to bring about an awareness of the product in the minds of existing as well as prospective consumers in the overall market area (Khan, 2005). Heritage Tourism: This is the phenomenon in which the cultural, historical and ethnic components of society or places are harnessed as resources to attract tourists, as well as develop a leisure and tourism industry. (Chang, 1997) 1.7 Research Questions/Hypotheses This research was premeditated and carried out to study three main research questions that will help St. Catherine become flourishing through restoration and promotion. They are: What is the present status of Heritage Tourism in St. Catherine? How can Heritage Tourism be restored in St. Catherine? How can Heritage Tourism be promoted in St. Catherine? 1.7.1 Hypotheses: St. Catherine, Jamaica can be restored and promoted as a historical site for Heritage Tourism. 1.8 Chapter Summary This chapter recaps the problems being faced of not using St. Catherine as a heritage site for Jamaica as well as the importance of the researchers topic and how it will affect persons such as the residents and tourists in St. Catherine. It gives a general overview of heritage tourism in Jamaica and St. Catherine along with various citations from persons who have said something about the issue of Heritage tourism and an understanding of different terms used throughout the introduction. 1.9 Thesis Overview The research is divided into five sections called chapters which are prearranged in the following way. The first section is an overall overview of the topic chosen including the introduction, statement of problem, background to research problem, limitations to study, purpose of study, Significance of Study, Research Questions/Hypotheses, and Definition of Terms. The second part holds an extensive description of St. Catherine as a heritage site. It also gives a brief story of the area of study and the major historical sites it holds, and the different practices taken to involve restoring and promoting heritage tourism as it relates to the research topics, questions and problems. The third section of the research examines the type of instrument used for the methodology to obtain information. Section four presents the findings, analysis and confers the results gathered from all findings. Lastly, section five draws the conclusion and presents recommendations and probable approaches to the topic.

beethoven :: essays research papers

Beethoven   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ludwig Von Beethoven was born December 17, 1770. by the time he was 12 he has already composed a published work of music. His public debut was in 1795 which was the same time his first important publications appeared, three piano trios op.l and three piano sonatas op.2. It was claimed that as a pianist, he had fire, brilliance and fantasy as well as depth of feeling. At this point in Beethoven’s life nothing could go wrong, he was on top of the world. In 1802 Beethoven had encountered a terrible tragedy, realizing that the hearing problems he had noticed over the years were incurable and were sure to get worse. By the end of the first decade in the 1800’s Beethoven had many established works, which include the Pastoral Symphony, Symphony no.7 and Symphony no. 8, Piano Concertos nos.4 and 5 and the Violin Concerto, along with many more. By this time Beethoven was firmly established as the greatest composer of his time. In 1808, due to his deafness, Beethoven had ended hi s piano-playing career. After a few years Beethoven started writing what would be know as â€Å"Beethoven’s final symphony† while completely deaf. Symphony no.9 preformed in D minor is considered to be his best work. On march 26, 1827 while in the process of writing the final symphony Beethoven passed away leaving behind a legacy which wouldn’t soon die, as the greatest composer of all time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I first got the Beethoven CD I was a little pessimistic on how it would be. However after the first time my roommates and I heard the CD we immediately made it our study time and sleep time mix. The music although at times may be very powerful, was very helpful in keeping us focused on our work, or just fall asleep peaceful.

Life Goes On Essay

Life experiences bring knowledge to people. Having a lot of good and bad experiences helps us improve our way of thinking; it opens our minds and teaches us unforgettable lessons about life, lessons that we have to apply in the future. My parents taught me to be independent and self-motivated by providing me opportunities to learn by trial and error. I was given a remarkable amount of freedom at a young age. When I was 6, my parents bought me an old computer for $25 from a local yard sale with the intention of letting me loose on it . I was thrilled .Motivated by curiosity. I delved into it at once and learned how to use each and every feature of the computer. My intellectual curiosity is the result of a unique combination of early influences and childhood experiences which have fueled my passion for learning inside and outside of the classroom—learning from everything I do . I hope to apply this curiosity to all aspects of my life. I have lived such a life experience in my last high school year. Along with 12th grade and turning up eighteen years old, I was going to become independent, ‘on my own feet’ as some would say. Time has taught me how to take fast decisions. Some of them were bad decisions, some were good. It was a very difficult period for me, as I was forced to fight against time, stress, hidden emotions and most important, I had to choose the road to follow for my career. The final exam was a hard challenge. There were times I felt I would quit; times of weakness when I searched peace in a cigarette without thinking it can make me dependent, all these times I was teaching a great lesson: maturity! I realized I wasn’t a kid anymore and that my own destiny can be influenced by a simple decision. This experience made me learn what truly means making sacrifices for achieving your goals. I gave up to my free time to replace it with hard working, interminable tiredness and meditations. It wasn’t an easy sacrifice, as desperation said her word in some moments. But the most important thing is the positive lesson it taught me, that is, never gives up fighting, no matter what happens because there is a hope for everything in life, and loosing it doesn’t bring you close to your goals. I have lost some of my friends for being able to reach on top, and this thing taught me what true friendship really meant and that some people we see as friends can turn out to be our worst enemies. To me, change is something new and you experience changes throughout your life. However, I learnt that telling everything about yourself can only bring bad things,  because you can never know how a relationship can turn out between people. I can say I found myself again in this last high school year, rediscovered my ambition and passion for the things I do.

Ask these questions when negotiating a job offer

Ask these questions when negotiating a job offer If you’re on the job hunt and you’ve played your cards right, then perhaps you’ve found yourself in the following scenario: you’ve successfully made it through a series of interviews, waited patiently, been contacted by a hiring manager or HR representative, and been made a job offer. Often, this is absolutely fantastic news- the end result of a challenging job hunting process filled with ups and downs, excitement and disappointment. Now, after a long journey, you’re faced with an offer for what could be the next great opportunity along your career path. But hold on for a second- are you absolutely certain that this job offer is the right one for you?Most people fall into one of two camps when making a decision about a job offer. On one hand are the impulsive deciders, those who blindly and quickly latch on to the first available offer made to them. While it can be good to show that you’re eager and enthusiastic, there are some very good reas ons for deciding to slow things down a bit and take some time to weigh a job offer before accepting it. After all, accepting an offer that may not completely align with your best interests may actually set your career trajectory back, and it may be difficult to make up any lost ground- either in salary or job title. Furthermore, if you do quickly take an offer that you come to regret later, you may be sowing the seeds for a passive-aggressive workplace attitude down the road.On the other hand are the overthinkers- those who spend way too much time and effort weighing and overweighing every small detail of the offer in an attempt to reach a clear and decisive decision about whether or not to accept. These folks can count on a few restless days and sleepless nights as they struggle to reach some decision. And in the end, the exhaustion and worry that these people generate make it hard for them to feel good about whatever decision they reach. That’s not a good recipe for happine ss either.There is a middle ground between making an impulsive decision and overthinking a job offer, and for most folks it’s right where they should be when trying to decide about whether to accept a job offer. Thankfully, there are some strategies you can take advantage of to help you negotiate your next job offer. Envato recently published an article highlighting the key questions you should ask- either yourself or someone at the company- before accepting a job offer. Let’s take a closer look at some of these.Questions to ask yourselfWhat are my non-negotiables? When we’re looking for our next job opportunity, most of us have at least a vague, and possibly a concrete, sense of what we’re willing to be flexible about and what are deal breakers. This will vary by individual, based on one’s specific needs and goals. You should have a set of non-negotiables in mind when you’re on the job hunt to help you to determine if a job offer is right f or you or if some additional negotiation is required.Am I happy with the salary offer? This may seem like a no-brainer, but you’d be surprised by how many people, either out of desperation or overeagerness, quickly accept the first offer made to them, even if it’s below what they were hoping to make- and once this happens it can take a long time to make up any lost financial ground. The truth is, most offers are within a flexible salary range and there is often some room for additional negotiation, especially if they really want you on their team. Just remember not to be too aggressive here or you could wind up talking yourself out of an offer completely.Is the company reputable and stable? The last thing you want to have happen is to jump onto a sinking ship. Even if the offer is great, what good is it if the company implodes before you can really reap any benefits? Before you agree to accept an offer, do your homework and make sure that the company has a good reputat ion in its industry and seems stable for the foreseeable future. There are even websites available for you to learn about what other employees thought about the company while they were there. The more information you have at your disposal, the more informed your decision will be, which is always a good move.Can I see myself getting along with my future colleagues and bosses? This one’s a bit tougher, as you’ll never truly know the answer until you start working there, but do your best to use interviews and office visit to get a sense of what it might be like to work there. Does there seem to be a friendly and collaborative vibe with good energy, or does something less positive and productive seem to be in the air? If possible, engage with whoever you run across or are introduced to and see if they seem like the sort of people you’d click well with. For most folks, this matters a lot- and could be the difference between a quick unhappy job hop and a satisfying an d extended stay.Questions to ask an HR representative or hiring managerWhen do you need my decision? If you want to make the most of your time to weigh a job offer fully, it helps to know how much time you have to decide. Politely asking this question will help you know what timeframe you’re working with, and then you can go from there.What benefits are being offered? In addition to basic information such as salary- which is typically provided upon receiving an offer- knowing what else is included in the offer (i.e., vacation time, retirement savings, insurance coverage, gym membership, etc.) will help you to weigh the full offer and determine if any additional points need negotiating.What will my everyday responsibilities look like? Hopefully, you have a clear answer to this question after interviewing, but if you don’t its okay to ask for a little more detail before accepting an offer. Remember, accepting a new job is a major life commitment, so it stands to reason t hat you’ll want to know all the parameters of the deal so you can choose wisely, including what your average work day will be like- especially if some of these details are on your non-negotiable list.Consider asking these questions when you’re weighing your next job offer and before you accept- because once you do, you may be closing the door on any further negotiating. Choose wisely and good luck!

Critical Discussion of Crisis Management and BP Leadership The WritePass Journal

Critical Discussion of Crisis Management and BP Leadership Introduction Critical Discussion of Crisis Management and BP Leadership IntroductionLiterature ReviewCrisis and Crisis ManagementPolitical and legal forcesEconomic forcesSocial forcesTechnological forcesEffective Leadership in CrisisClear responsibilitiesTraining and educationPractice and rehearsalsEmpowering LeadershipDelegationAuthority linesEstablished systems and supporting mechanismsInnovation and FlexibilityLeveragingMethodologiesIntroductionResearch MethodologyResearch PhilosophyResearch ApproachResearch StrategyData Collection method · Data Collection · Data AnalysisData quality issuesLevel of knowledgeLevel of information given to the intervieweeAppropriateness of locationAppearance in the interviewOpening comment during the commencement of the interviewQuestioning approachBehaviour during the interviewDemonstration of attentive listening skillsDocumentation of the dataGeneralisabilityAccess and Ethical ConsiderationsRelated Introduction Literature Review This section briefly discusses crisis management and leadership, the two key areas of literature that will help to examine Tony Hayward’s leadership during BP’s most recent organisational crisis. Crisis and Crisis Management There is no one definition of the term ‘crisis’ (Keown-McMullan, 1997), however a guiding definition is that a crisis is an event that impacts or has the potential to impact the entire organisation (Mitroff and Anagnos, 2000). A crisis can also be described as a major, unforeseen circumstance that can potentially jeopardise an organisation’s employees, customers, products, services, fiscal situation, or reputation (Callan, 2002, Augustine, 1995, Santana, 2003). This definition is in line with the theory that a crisis is characterised by three elements: high threat, short decision time, and an element of surprise, indicating that each crisis contains an urgency that necessitates decisions and actions to be taken immediately by the people involved (Keown-McMullan, 1997, Reilly 1987). While the idea that a crisis as a negative state of affairs is still the most popular construal in the literature, the idea of a positive outcome from a crisis situation can also be found in some definitions and discussion (Keown-McMullan, 1997). For example, Fink (1986, p. 15) defines a crisis as: †¦an unstable time or state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending – either one with the distinct possibility of a highly undesirable outcome or one with the distinct possibility of a highly desirable and extremely positive outcome. It is usually a 50-50 proposition, but you can improve the odds. This definition implies that, if managed effectively, a crisis can bring a desirable outcome. Indeed, it has been suggested that an organisation can experience a ‘successful’ crisis that actually leads to improved firm’s performance (Boin and ’t Hart, 2003). Such an outcome is possible because crisis â€Å"focuses attention on how tasks are managed and draws new patterns of cohesion, a successfully handled crisis can benefit an organisation† (David, 1990, p. 90). This therefore reinforces the fact that the effective management of crises is important. It should thus entail the execution of well-coordinated actions to limit any damage and preserve or rebuild confidence in the organisation under crisis. It is also important that crisis management should start before a crisis arises and may extend after the ‘actual crisis come to an end, such as after the oil has stopped gushing into the sea (Fink, 1986). Based on this, Santana (2003, p. 308) defin es crisis management as: †¦ an ongoing integrated and comprehensive effort that organisations effectively put into place in an attempt to first and foremost understand and prevent crisis, and to effectively manage those that occur, taking into account in each and every step of their planning and training activities, the interest of their stakeholders. There are number of elements within the external environment, shifting of which leads to the occurrence of a crisis. These elements include Political – legal, economic, social and technological forces and these constitutes a complex network within which organisations exist.   Even though shifting of these elements do not occur often, organisations needs to consider these elements while drafting their strategy because of negative blow that would be brought about by shifting of these elements. The most common examples are when government across the world come up with a law that bans the sale of certain type of products. This would create substantial disruption in a firm’s operations which would constitute a crisis. This does not mean that every external threat faced by an organisation will constitute a crisis. For e.g., if a government passes a law which would require manufacturers of certain products to have 2 languages in a product pack, rather than having one that is used in the current pack, it cannot be considered as a crisis as it would not probably cause substantial disruption. Therefore, the term ‘crisis’ cannot be used for every external threat and in most of the cases, even though the organisations tend to be regularly exposed to number of actual and potential crisis situations, they fail to recognise its seriousness. The following examples illustrate this reality (Crandall et al, 2009). Political and legal forces Some of the political forces that contribute to a shift which has the potential to lead to a full blown crisis include relations between countries, outcome of meetings between government leaders, rules and regulations and decisions taken by individuals and teams at various levels of government. The legal forces that can contribute to the crisis include laws and legislations passed on by governments, the judgements made by judiciary in various cases involving government and an organisation etc (Crandall et al, 2009) (GOEL, 2009). Economic forces The economic forces contributing to the shift includes changes in the Gross domestic product and various indicators that show the economic health of a country. These include inflation, exchange rate and interest rates (Labrosse et al, 2009)/ Social forces The social factors contributing to the shift includes values within the society, the change in traditions and religious practices. The crisis from social factors will be disastrous when society / people lose trust in the company or are angry with a corporation. This can be explained by the recent banking and financial crisis. The main reason for the crisis is that people and society and organisations lost trust in each other. This made people withdraw huge sums of money from the banks, who were not in a position to fulfil the demand because the banks or organisations from which they were expecting money were not willing to provide them the cash. What made people angrier was that banks or other financial institutions were paying huge amount of bonuses to their employee while people outside these institutions were losing money. This opportunistic behaviour of bankers, stockbrokers, investment bankers etc lead to a situation where common man lost trust in the stock market, which is an i ndicator of the performance of top companies of a nation, and it plummeted down to record levels not seen in recent memory. The spiral effects lead to laying off of thousands of people which affected the economies of the countries across the world because as companies lay off workers, their spending capacity reduces. Once their spending capacity reduces, then they are not in a position to go to high street shops to buy products. When people are not going to high street shops to buy products, then these shops lay off people thereby affecting the local economy. Most of these people would be having a number of commitments like paying their mortgage, credit card debt, personal loans etc. When people are not in a position to pay off these debts, the financial institutions are not in a position to roll over money which hits the core of banking activity. Thus, this shift in one social factor called trust has lead to one of the most dreadful global crisis ever experienced by mankind in rece nt history. Even though, it’s been close to 2 years since the crisis, a vast majority of countries and organisations have not yet been able to recover fully from the impact (Crandall et al, 2009)   (Jordan-Meier, 2011). Technological forces The technological factors which contribute to shift include major scientific innovations or improvements. These innovations or improvements can lead to either creation of new opportunity or threat to existing businesses. Technological innovations and improvements have the capability to destroy not only existing businesses but also entire industry as well. For example, personal computers were a fantastic technological innovation which gave rise to a entire new industry centred around computers which includes monitors, servers, operating systems etc.   But the rise of the computer industry was followed by the slow demise of the type writing industry following the development of word processors and personal computers (Moore, 2005). In fact, just a couple of months back, world’s last remaining typewriting factory was closed by its owners Godrej and Boyce in Mumbai, India Over the period of last few decades, different frameworks for crisis have been developed by taking into account different stages of crisis. The frame work for a crisis is based on the analysis of the life cycle of the crisis and this is usually accounted for by three-stage approach and four-stage approach (Laws, 2006). The three-stage framework is the most basic approach to crisis and involves the following stages – PreCrisis, Crisis and Post Crisis. Different experts have suggested different formats for three-stage format. In the three-stage approach suggested by Smith (1990), Crisis of management constitutes the Pre Crisis stage; the crisis stage is called Operational Crisis and post crisis stage is called Crisis of Legitimation. In the Crisis of Management stage, a crisis can be easily triggered by a event due to the fact that organisation is not prepared to handle the crisis and actions of the leaders in the organisation does not inspire confidence in their teams. In the second stage, called the Operational Crisis stage, all the key leaders in the organisation put their heads together and try to develop quick fix solutions to get over the crisis. In the third stage called Crisis of Legitimation, the key stakeholders in the organisation including the ones who played a major role in Operat ional stage starts looking for scapegoats so as to shift blame and to appear legitimate and rightful in the eyes of public after the crisis   (Andari, 2010)   (Coombs, 2010). Another approach to three-stage framework is the one suggested by Richardson (1994). In this framework, the PreCrisis stage is called disaster phase and this phase focuses on neutralising all the threats that may cause a crisis. In Crisis stage is called Rescue stage and is focused on the occurrence of the crisis. The Post Crisis stage is called Demise stage which emphasis on restoring stakeholders confidence in the organisation following the occurrence of the crisis (Coombs, 2010). Another approach to crisis is a four – stage framework which adds an additional stage, to the three-stage framework, which focuses on the progression as it happens during the crisis. In one of four-stage framework suggested by Myers (1993), the first stage is a Operations stage, where the organisations puts in standard operating procedures and crisis management teams to act in response to the occurrence of the crisis. The second stage is the emergency response stage which focuses on the response that needs to be initiated in the first few hours following the occurrence of the crisis. The third stage is called Interim processing stage where stop gap arrangement and temporary procedures are put in place until the restoration of normal operations. The fourth stage is the restoration stage where the organisation comes back to normal operations (Coombs, 2010)   (Crandall, 2009). Another approach to four-stage framework was put forward by Fink (1996). In the approach, the first stage is called Prodormal stage which is stage before a full blown crisis and shows all the red flags and warning signs that a crisis is imminent. If remedial measures are taken during the prodormal stage, then a crisis can be prevented. The second stage is called Acute crisis stage and this is stage where actual crisis is happening and normal operations are seriously disrupted. This is also the stage where outsiders of the organisations get to see and hear about the crisis on a regular basis. The third stage is called chronic crisis stage which is not as dramatic as acute crisis stage and the organisation is trying to clean the mess created during the acute crisis stage. The Resolution stage is the final stage where the organisation has just gotten over the crisis and is slowly coming back to the normal operations (Fink, 1996) Five stage frameworks is another approach to crisis and provide a more detailed approach than the three stage framework and four stage frameworks. It provides a more detailed understanding of different stages of the crisis (Perason Mitroff, 1993). In the five stage framework suggested by Pearson and Mitroff (1993), the following stages are included : Signal detection: These are warning or red flags which occur when an organisation is slowly moving towards a crisis. In most cases, these warning and red flags are raised by people on the ground or lower level or middle level management or those directly interacting with customers. Detecting these signals and accepting them as ones which may lead to crisis so as to try to look at ways to manage a crisis is a skill not found is many leaders. Developing a mindset and skills so to become adept at detecting these signals is what organisations needs to embrace (Perason Mitroff, 1993). Preparation / prevention – In this stage, organisation gets ready to attack the crisis by setting up crisis management teams and workings on different plans to tackle different crisis occurring in different forms. The approach towards a crisis management will be through a systematic manner and should be on going. The objective from which this step is approached is to ensure that any crisis that may occur gets nipped in the bud (Perason Mitroff, 1993). Containment / damage control – This stage focuses on actual management of the crisis and trying to contain it with as minimal damage as possible to the organisation and stakeholder (Perason Mitroff, 1993)   (Mitroff, 1992). Recovery – This stage focuses on bringing the workings of the organisation to as normal a stage as possible. The recovery process passes through different sub stages. The short term recovery stage tends to bring the working on the organisation to a minimal acceptable level of service. The short term recovery is followed by long term recovery where the operational capabilities of the organisation reach pre crisis level. In some cases, long term recovery will be followed by another recovery process whereby the organisation tends to work at a higher level than that was observed during the precrisis stage. For example, if a fire at a production facility destroys a old machine which has the capability to produce ‘X’ number of products every hour, then a modern machine which has been installed following a crisis has the capability to produce ‘2X’ products thereby ensuring higher level of productivity when compared to the Pre Crisis period (Perason Mitroff, 1993) (Mitroff, 1992). Learning – This fifth stage, post the recovery stage, focuses on improvising operational problems so as to prevent the occurrence of future ones. The stages emphasises on reflecting on the crisis and documenting the lessons learnt rather than finding scapegoats and blaming other parties (Perason Mitroff, 1993). Particularly important during major crises such as the BP oil spill, which affects many different stakeholders, is crisis communication. Crisis communication, which involves communicating with a range of stakeholders, generally relates to the public relations element of crisis management, and is arguably the single most important aspect of the organisation’s response to the crisis. It therefore requires communication with internal stakeholders, including employees and shareholders, and external stakeholders, such as customers, the media, and the surrounding community, about what occurred and how the organisation is managing the crisis (Callan, 2002). Effective Leadership in Crisis Leadership is one of the most discussed topics in times of crisis because, to most people, the importance of leadership is clear since effective organisational leadership: †¦provides a sense of cohesiveness, personal development, and higher levels of satisfaction among those conducting the work; and it provides an overarching sense of direction and vision, an alignment with the environment, a healthy mechanism for innovation and creativity, and a resource for invigorating the organisational culture (Van Wart, 2003, p. 214). As with trying to define ‘crisis,’ there are also many definitions of ‘leadership’ (Stodgill, 1974). Some researchers present established definitions of leadership, for example Kotter (1999, p. 10) defines leadership as â€Å"[t]he development of a vision and strategies, the alignment of relevant people behind those strategies and the empowerment of individuals to make the vision happen, despite obstacles.† Alternatively, some researchers present more general definitions of leadership that may apply equally well to leadership in organisations as to leadership in other settings. Peter. G.Northouse in his book â€Å"Leadership: Theory and Management† (2007 explores four components that are central to leadership: (1) Leadership is a process. (2) Leadership involves influence. (3) Leadership occurs in a group context. (4) Leadership involves goal attainment. Based on these four components, Northouse coined a definition which states that â€Å"Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal†. (Northouse, 2007, p .3). The concept of leadership has evolved over a period of time which typically reflects the larger society as norms, attitudes, and understandings in the larger world have evolved and thereby changed (Richard Daft, 2005). Crisis leadership effectiveness depends largely on an organisation which is responsible for creating an environment for the leadership to operate. A highly experienced and competent manager will still struggle to successfully manage a crisis if there is no adequate support from his colleagues and if the groups are poorly structured and disorganised. Micheal Blyth in his book Business continuity management: Building an effective incident management plan mentions about the following organisational principles to support effective crisis leadership (Blyth, 2009). Clear responsibilities Demarking of clear responsibilities in organisation will ensure that gaps and shortfalls are avoided and duplication of efforts is prevented. Establishing clear responsibilities will also ensure that during the occurrence of crisis along with internal company politics are eliminated (Blyth, 2009)   (Fearn-Banks, 2007). Training and education Every organisation should develop a team of leaders who have expertise in dealing with crisis situations and that companies should regularly train these leaders by keeping aside time and resources. These leaders should be regularly trained on managing crisis and utilisation of policies, systems, tools and protocols (Blyth, 2009)   (Fearn-Banks, 2007). Practice and rehearsals Regular practice and rehearsals by the crisis management groups will ensure that any loopholes or shortfalls. Regular practice will not only increase the confidence of crisis management team but also help develop familiarity with the Crisis management plans (Blyth, 2009). Empowering Leadership An organisation should develop certain parameters within which crisis management leadership should be empowered and given the freedom to operate. This decentralization process will ensure that crisis at the local level can bring about effective management in times of crisis. Having a centralised leadership in terms of crisis management will significantly undercut the ability of leaders in the ground to successfully manage crisis (Fearn-Banks, 2010). Delegation An important aspect of crisis management structure and the one which is the core component of empowering leadership is to sensibly delegate responsibilities to the lowest level decision making abilities so as to put in place a structured and streamlined management system (Blyth, 2009). Authority lines During the crisis, middle level managers should be aware of the person to be contacted for requisite permissions so as to prevent a scenario where the people attempt to name a decision maker during the crisis event. To ensure that swift actions are taken during the crisis, clear authority lines and permissions should be granted to the crisis management team and people within the organisation must be made aware of the responsibilities of their colleagues in times of crisis (Blyth, 2009). Established systems and supporting mechanisms Effective response to a crisis can be generated by having established systems and support mechanisms in place. Establishing these strategies in place prior to the crisis will help crisis leaders in taking logically defined decisions which will develop confidence among their peers and sub ordinates (Devlin, 2006). Innovation and Flexibility The corners stones of effective crisis leadership are Innovation and flexibility as crisis tends to be unique every time thereby requiring tailored approach for achieving resolution (Blyth, 2009). Leveraging Companies and crisis management teams must be smart enough to leverage both outward and inward resources, capabilities, knowledge and also external resources so as to ensure that it does not lose out opportunities for effectively responding to the crisis (Blyth, 2009).. The leadership framework for crisis management involves drafting a crisis management policy, setting up of crisis management team, developing a communication strategy, establishing partnerships and ensuring preparedness of the crisis management team with regular practice and training sessions. Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011 Drafting the crisis management policy includes setting the tone for leadership commitment and mentioning the generic guidelines for action. This policy is based on an organisation’s values and philosophy (Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011). After drafting the policy, the next step is to establish a crisis management team. The crisis management team analyzes different scenarios leading to a crisis and plans for the scenarios. Also while establishing a management team, the roles and responsibilities of different members of team are established so as to vent ambiguity in times of crisis (Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011) (George, 2011). Following the setting up of a crisis management team, an effective communication strategy and infrastructure will ensure that there is going to be a consistent flow of information to all stakeholders at all time (Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011) (George, 2011).. The established crisis management team should go about setting up of partnership with external agencies / organisations so as to ensure availability of critical resources and timely help (Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011)   (George, 2011). To ensure preparedness of the crisis management team and make sure that they are always on their toes, regular training programmes needs to be conducted and the capability of the crisis management to deal with   crisis situation should be checked from time to time through mock drills (Crisis management a leadership challenge, 2011) (George, 2011). Leadership is particularly important in crisis situations and Boin and ’t Hart (2003) argue that crisis and leadership are closely related phenomena. Since crisis situations are times of uncertainty, people inside and outside the organisation look to leaders to ‘do something’ and thus the visibility of top management, particularly the CEO, during a crisis assures the public that the crisis is being tackled at the highest levels (Halverson et al., 2004, Sadgrove, 2005). Top managers must also actively engage in long-term corrective and preventive actions to avoid being involved in crises time again (Augustine, 1995). Additionally, leaders need to understand the dynamics and psychology of a crisis if they are going to respond well because crisis events require the organisation to make considerable changes to its ‘standard operating procedures’ while still responding to the crisis (Borodzicz, 2000, Santana, 2003). This seems to be have been missing in th e case of BP, as the company has found itself in several crises situations over the past five years that have done major damage to its image and left it seemingly unable to respond well to new crises. In the latest oil spill, the leadership performance of BP’s CEO, Tony Hayward, was not well received. According to Boin and ’t Hart (2003, p. 544): When crisis leadership results in reduced stress and a return to normality, people herald their ‘true leaders’†¦ But when the crisis fails to dissipate and ‘normality’ does not return, leaders are obvious scapegoats. This view of leadership sits quite comfortably with the forms of organization that are common in business, the armed forces and government. Where the desire is to get something done, to achieve a narrow range of objectives in a short period of time, then it may make sense to think in this way. However, this has its dangers. Different leaders have different styles. A great deal of power remains in their hands and the opportunity for all to take responsibility and face larger questions is curtailed (George, 2011). The question to be investigated in this research is: What lessons can be learnt by Hayward performance as a leader during this crisis? The way in which this question can be answered is described in the next section. Methodologies Introduction This chapter focuses of the methodologies that have been used by the researcher during the course of this research. Research Methodology is the course taken by the researcher to find answers to research questions (Kumar, 2005). Middle level managers from BP were engaged in a semi structured interview which focused on their view of BP’s leadership in general and their opinion of how their leaders went about handling Deepwater Horizon Oil rig disaster in particular. The answers collected have been used to provide a simple overview of the factors contributing the crisis and then BP CEO Tony Hayward’s performance as a leader during the crisis Research Methodology The various paths or courses available to choosing data collection techniques and analysis procedures can be depicted by using research â€Å"onion† (Fig A). The centre of the onion gives an idea on the exact way of collecting the data to answer research questions and this centre is reached by peeling away important layers. The important layers that needs to be peeled away to reach the centre point i.e. data collection methods include research philosophy, research approach, Research strategies and Time horizons (Saunders, 2009).    Figure A: The Research Onion (Saunders et al. 2009) Research Philosophy The development and nature of knowledge encompasses the term research philosophy. This development and nature of knowledge contains important assumptions on the way a researcher views the world which underpins a researcher’s choice of a research strategy and the methods chosen as part of the strategy.   This philosophical commitment not only has a significant impact on what researcher does but also on how they understand things while investigating (Johnson, 2006). The three different research philosophies are Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism. Positivism involves development of knowledge based on observable social reality. The end product of research based on Positivism philosophy is law like generalisations similar to those produced by natural scientists. Intrepretivism involves development of knowledge based on the understanding of differences between humans in roles as social actors and the emphasis on their variables such as behaviour, mood and previous experience. Realism is the development of knowledge based on scientific approach and assumes the independent existence of objects from the human mind (Kothari, 2008) . The research philosophy adopted for this dissertation is Intrepretivism as the development of knowledge was through questioning and dialogue by which people shared their experience. This is because feelings and attitudes towards performance management as â€Å"social phenomena that have not external reality and cannot be measured and modified† (Saunders et al, 2006).   Interpretavist stance provides scope for the researcher to use phenomological case studies of people and how they make sense of the world, using their opinions and experience of performance measures in the working environment. Postivisim was not preferred because conducting research among people involves   taking into consideration various factors such as behaviour, mood etc which is advocated by interpretivism rather than objects such as trucks and computers as advocated by positivism, whereas emphasis is on working with observable social reality.   On the flip side, the difficulty of taking interpretavis t stance is that findings make not be generalisable. However, it may be that the types of people being interviewed, due to culture of a BP background, have similar thought processes and hence are generalisable with a BP context   (Goddard, 2004). Research Approach Deductive research and inductive research are the research approaches which results in the achievement of new knowledge. Deductive research is more like a top down approach to research where objectives are established followed by defining of key definitions and assumptions. Then the researchers works through a logical structure, based on the key definitions and assumptions, to accomplish the objective. Inductive research is more like a bottom up approach to research where conclusion is drawn only from observations of specific situations (Panneerselvam, 2004). This research involved the development of theory only after analysis of collected data therefore approaching research through inductive approach. Deductive approach was not chosen as the approach required the development of theory and hypothesis and then testing of this hypothesis by designing a research strategy whereas this research was based on finding view of BP’s middle level managers on their leaders handling of Deepwater Horizon Oil rig disaster and the performance of then BP CEO Tony Hayward’s performance as a leader during the crisis, which was the outcome of data collected through semi structured interview. Using Saunders et al’s ( 2006) characteristics of inductive research, the following are reasoned. An understanding will be gained of the meanings humans attached to events through the meanings they attach to performance management, and there will be a close understanding of the research context through the investigation of reasons as to how best to operationalise performance measurements (Kumar, 2005) . The data to be collected will be qualitative, which suggests that the deductive approach is more natural. There may be the potential for collections of qualitative data as well that may lend itself to a deductive approach, but the number of people intended to be interviewed would not enable any generalizations to be made   (Kumar, 2005) . The flexible approach of the inductive stance means that if findings lend themselves to a change of direction within the dissertation, this will be possible (Singh, 2009) . The researcher realizes that as part of the research process, ideas developed may translate into action research as they are suggested to the interviewees (Kumar, 2005). Research Strategy The analysis of the collected data so as to obtain information through systematic and orderly approach is called Research strategy. In management studies, the three important research strategies that are rooted in inductive approach and are commonly used include case study, grounded theory and Ethnography. A research strategy for a research is chosen based on certain criteria’s like research questions and objectives, availability of time and resources, existing knowledge level etc (Kumar, 2005). During this research, the researcher used a case study approach which Robson (1999, p. 146) defines as â€Å"a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context using multiple sources of evidence.† This was chosen because, in this research, â€Å"a ‘how’ or ‘why’ question is being asked about a contemporary set of events, over which the researcher has little or no control,†. The case study approach will not only entail in depth examination of single case but also engage many variables with collecting of information from multiple sources such as interviews with BP personals, archival data from BP’s files etc. This research strategy will be used as part of a qualitative methodology because qualitative research examines the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of human behaviour and so does the case study methodology (Yin, 2003). Other strategies such as grounded theory and   ethnography which are rooted in inductive approach was considered but it did not fit the scope of this research because of the fact that they are time consuming (Kumar, 2005). Data Collection method Sampling The research objectives were concerned with understanding of BP’s middle managers view of BP’s leadership in general and their opinion of how their leaders went about handling Deepwater Horizon Oil rig disaster in particular and then BP CEO Tony Hayward’s performance as a leader during the crisis. Therefore, the sampling frame for this research included middle-level and senior level managers of BP. Only those managers who have in depth analysis related to the topic of interest were chosen. This method of sampling is called purposive sampling. Unlike random sampling in which every combination of respondents from the sampling frame has a known probability of occurring, purposive sampling is used in the research when the research selects those respondents that are most appropriate for the study (Robson, 1999). Purposive sample is powerful because it allows the researcher to choose respondents that have the most information for in-depth analysis related to the centra l issues being examined. The richest information is not likely to be available from the ‘typical’ case and so using purposive sampling will allow examine in detail the root causes of a given issue and its consequences. A close colleague of researcher who is on the staff of BP helped the researcher in short listing only those managers with access to in depth knowledge of the research topic and on the basis of the contact details provided by the provided by the researcher’s colleague, the researcher sent across email requesting for an appointment to the discuss the research topic and only those who expressed willingness to part of the research was interviewed (Jackson, 2008).  · Data Collection Data will be collected in face-to-face interviews with three middle level managers within BP over a period of one week. Thus till date collected is the primary data. The data will be collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Semi-structured interviews were chosen over alternative approaches, such as focus groups and surveys, as this method will allow researcher to guide the research and probe for deeper answers, elaborations, and examples to allow further explanation of specific topics and at the same time cover a wider scope if undiscovered issues should arise (Robson, 1999). Additionally, semi-structured interviews allow interviewees to tell the interviewer what they consider most significant (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). Semi-structured interviewing starts with more general questions or topics rather than the formulation of detailed questions ahead of time and so structured and unstructured questions will be outlined prior to the interviews based on the research questio n framework (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). In this research, relevant topics will have to be initially identified as well as the possible relationship between these topics and the issues. These managers are responsible for teams of professionals and would be able to provide insight into leadership issues in the organisation, allowing them to accurately articulate ‘rich’ descriptions of their experience of leadership at BP. Each interview is expected to last between 30 and 90 minutes and the interviews will be transcribed within one week of having conducting them to ensure that no additional material or observations were lost or forgotten (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). Following the collection of primary data, secondary data was collected so as to understand get a overall prespective of BP’s leadership and its response to deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. This data was obtained by analyzing various sources including internet and published guides (Jackson, 2008) .  · Data Analysis This research will use qualitative content analysis to interpret the data collected and further analysis will be carried out by triangulating these findings with the findings of the literature review and the questions and topics that this raised. Content analysis is often recommended for analysing semi-structured interviews because it allows the researcher to identify themes, concepts, and meanings and is a way of classifying content (Krippendorff, 2004). As there is existing (but incomplete) theory about crisis management, this research will use a directed approach to content analysis, which allows existing theoretical frameworks to be validated (and sometimes extended) (Hsieh and Shannon, 2005). In the directedapproach to content analysis, extant theory will be used to form codes that will be used in the initial analysis. Data that do not fit into these predetermined codes will be identified and later analysed to determine whether they represent a new category or a subset of a curr ent category. Data that cannot be coded will be identified and analysed later, as suggested by Hsieh and Shannon (2005), to determine if they represent a new category or a subcategory of an existing code. While this method has limitations, the accuracy of predetermined categories can be increased by using an audit trail and audit process (Krippendorff, 2004). By compiling a spreadsheet of literature topics and cross-referencing this to the interviews, it is hoped to be able to correlate findings that produce new insights into the implementation of performance measurement and enable a more effective method of doing so at BP and potentially, within other organisations. Data quality issues The drawback of doing a semi structured interview is the lack of standardisation in these interviews. But the researcher still went ahead with the current interview structure because of the fact that the topic of interest is complex and dynamic and using a semi structured interview approach will provide an opportunity for the interviewer to explore the topic in greater detail (McBurney, 2009). Therefore, in order to overcome these issues, careful planning was done which has been described below. Level of knowledge The effectiveness of interviewing particular manager and their level of knowledge in the deepwater horizon oil spill was obtained by researcher following a detailed discussion with a colleague, who was working in BP. The literature review provided enough level of knowledge with respect to the situational context (McBurney, 2009). Level of information given to the interviewee The interviewees were given relevant information with respect to the research including the topic of the research, the motive of conducting the research and goal to be accomplished by the end of the research (McBurney, 2009). Appropriateness of location The prior appointment was taken before meeting the managers. A meeting room within the BP offices was chosen as the location for the meeting. This was done so to ensure that there is minimal disturbance during the interview process   (Louis Cohen, 2000). Appearance in the interview Even though BP is a highly successful and highly powered organization, its dress code is causal i.e. no suits. Therefore, the researchers appearance was also causal which not only went in sync with BP’s dress code but also went well with the semi structured approach to interview Louis Cohen, 2000).. Opening comment during the commencement of the interview To ensure that the discussion shapes in the right direction, the participants of the interview were given the brief on the motive of conducting the research and goal to be accomplished by the end of the research and following their consent, interview questions were put forward Louis Cohen, 2000).. Questioning approach The researcher made sure that the questions put forward for the interview were open ended questions. This was done so as to ensure that the researcher had the opportunity to explore the question in greater detail. Also, while discussing the questions, the researcher was careful not to use highly complex industry jargons whose meanings may vary with the interviewee. In scenarios where the use of jargons were essential, the researcher took care to ensure that both the researcher and the interviewee had the same understanding Louis Cohen, 2000).. Behaviour during the interview The researcher ensured that at all times there was appearance of enjoying the interview process as any appearance of boredom will not encourage the interviewee to give a good response. Also, for the answers given by the interviewee, the researcher made sure that a neutral response was projected so as to not to provide lead that may result in bias Louis Cohen, 2000). Demonstration of attentive listening skills In order to ensure that the interviewee gives as much information as possible, the researcher made sure that the thoughts were held back deliberately. Defending or arguing a particular point of view mentioned by the interviewee would not only result in diverting away from the topic but will also stop flow of thoughts (Jackson, 2008). Documentation of the data The information gleaned from the interviewee was recorded using audio recording equipment and also by taking down notes while the interview was in progress (Jackson, 2008). Generalisability As this research follows Intrepretivism, the development of knowledge was through questioning and dialogue by which people shared their experience. These sharing of knowledge are highly subjective and vary on the moods and behaviour of the people. Therefore, the concerns raised in the dissertation are organisation specific to B.P and may not be applicable to other organisations. But the problems associated with arriving at the right kind of Leadership and crisis management is universal and therefore this dissertation will be useful in other contexts (Jackson, 2008). Access and Ethical Considerations Access to the organisation is to be gained via a close colleague that is a currently on staff at BP. Complying with the ‘Qualitative Research and the Data Protection Act 1998,’ before every interview the researcher will give participants an informed consent form, explaining that the interview will be recorded and that they have the right to withdraw at anytime and withhold any information that they do not wish to share (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). The participants will then be required to sign a consent form before the interview commences. The researcher has read and understood the university’s ethics policies relating to   the dissertation and is confident that the dissertation will be carried out by ensuring the following. All interviewees have the choice whether or not to participate in the research They were provided with the outline proposal for the research. The interviewees provided written consent prior to taking up the interview and were given the option of withdrawing from the inte